Semester Final

    As i contemplate and reflect on the vastness of the things I have learned this year in this class I think of some of the major systems that keep our bodies functioning as a whole. I think of systems such as the circulatory system, the digestive system, nervous system, and the reproductive system all of which keep our species as a whole alive, happy, and moving forward.
    The circulatory system, keeps blood and oxygen running through our bodies. The heart pumps out some 5.6 liters of blood into the veins and arteries to be carried throughout our bodies. Through our veins and arteries blood passes nutrients, such as amino acids and electrolytes, gases, hormones,  etc. to and from cells throughout the body to help fight off diseases, stabilize body temp. and to help maintain homeostasis. Blood is not  the only fluid that runs through our veins, lymph. Lymph is simply recycles blood plasma after is has been filtered from the blood cells and returned to lymphatic system. The blood, heart, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, while the lymph, lymph nodes, and the lymphatic vessels make up the lymphatic system, and together they make up the circulatory system.
    Eating, swallowing, the breaking down of food, the absorption of its nutrients, and the excretion of its waste are all part of the digestive system. After we have chewed and swallowed our food it starts to travel past the pharynx, through the esophagus and right into the stomach. The stomach secretes a very potent acid that began breaking up the food into smaller particles, the stomach then begins to slowly empty it contents into the small intestines. The small intestines begin by removing all the nutrients it want from the broken down food and transports them throughout the body. After  what is left of what started out as food reached the end of the small intestines it passes into the large intestine or ascending colon. The ascending colon pushes the waste upward toward the Transverse colon all while sucking out any nutrients the small intestine may have missed. Forming feces by sucking out the water through bacteria and fermentation the transverse colon pushes the feces onto the descending colon. Holding the feces until the body can have a bowel movement and push the feces out through the anus the descending colon is just one more step towards excretion
    Controlling every movement your body make both voluntary and involuntary the nervous system is a vital part of the human body. This system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and the over 7 trillion nerves throughout the entire body. Touching something or any other sensation of touch your body has started in your nerves. The nerves interpret touch, pain, etc. into electrical signals which are passed through the body and to the spinal cord. The spinal cord, which is a dorsal, fluid filled tube that has over 13,500,000 neurons or neves, transports the electrical signal up to the brain where it is integrated into feeling.
    The reproductive system is different in both man and woman. The male reproductive system mainly includes the testes and the penis, while the female reproductive system mainly includes the ovaries and the uterus. The testicles hang in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. They are outside the body because they need to be cooler than the temperature inside the body, in order to make sperm. The testes also produce hormones to help keep the body working and create new life. The penises function in the reproductive system is transport the sperm to the ovaries or eggs in the female body. The ovaries are a set of glands that hold the eggs and produce estrogen. The uterus is the main holding place for the fetus while it developes into a mature baby ready to be born.
    All of these individual system work together to make us healthy and able to reproduce and make more of our species to continue on the intellectual legacy of the human race. Although i will miss this class im happy to say that i've learned alot of things and had fun doing it. I'm ready to move on and use this information for the better when i go to college and get my nursing degree.

2012 Final

Well, where do I even begin? This semester in Biology, I have honestly learned A LOT! I am going to explain 4 body systems that we learned about in class this semester in great detail, and I hope you enjoy!


First of all, i'm going to start out with the Muscular System! We have learned about the muscular system a lot this semester, and it is one of the few that I can explain well. The muscular system is made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system to control movement of the body. Some muscles, are voluntary, meaning that you decide when to move them. Other muscles, like the ones in your stomach, heart, intestines and other organs, are involuntary. This means that they are controlled automatically by the nervous system and hormones and you often don't even realize they're at work!


Secondly, is the Immune System. The immune system is our body's defense system against infections and diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter the body from the environment. There are three types of response systems in the immune system. The anatomic response, inflammatory response, and the immune response. The anatomic response physically prevents threatening substances from entering your body. Examples of the anatomic system include the mucous membranes and the skin. The inflammatory system works by excreting the invaders from your body. Sneezing, runny noses, and fever are examples of the inflammatory system at work. When the inflammatory response fails, the immune response goes to work. This is the central part of the immune system and is made up of white blood cells, which fight off infection by gobbling up antigens. 


Then, is the Circulatory system. The circulatory system is the body's transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the blood and the arteries and veins transport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called the aorta. The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which then branch into even smaller vessels that travel all over the body. When blood enters the smallest blood vessels, which are called capillaries, and are found in body tissue, it gives nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes in carbon dioxide, water, and waste. The blood, which no longer contains oxygen and nutrients, then goes back to the heart through veins. Veins carry waste products away from cells and bring blood back to the heart , which pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and eliminate waste carbon dioxide.


Finally, i'm going to explain the Digestive System. The digestive system is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn't need or can't digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body.


To conclude, I have explained the muscular system, the immune system, the circulatory system, and the digestive system! These are all things that we have learned in biology this semester. I have really enjoyed having class with Mrs. Dent, and i'm going to miss her! 

Semester Two Final

Marcus Lewis
May 15, 2012

Semester Two Final

    As our year comes to an end, all we can do is step back. And take a look at what we have learned this semester. For this I need to travel through the body and then to the outside world. My “bigger” assignments included things like the digestive system model, and various reports on the other systems of the body; i.e Circulatory System, Nervous System, Respiratory System, ect.

    Firstly, I would like to go over one of our more recent assignments, the Digestive system. The digestive system provides the body's means of processing food and transforming nutrients into energy. The digestive system consists of the - buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine ending in the rectum and anus. I don’t believe that the system has a most important organ, because they are all necessary in order to make digestion possible. Granted for the system there are more organs, I summed it up due to length and time.

    Secondly, The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals are transferred to the tissues and organs that comprise the body. The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium) pumps only to the lungs for re-oxygenation of the blood. And this time there is only one organ so I am able to choose the heart itself for the most important organ.

    Next, I want to talk about the central nervous system of vertebrates (such as humans) which contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina.  The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity for all parts of the body. Obviously the most important part of this system is the brain. For without it, you are not able to do any process.

    Lastly, the Skeletal System or the musculo-skeletal system. The musculo-skeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. The Skeletal System serves as a framework for tissues and organs to attach themselves to. This system acts as a protective structure for vital organs. Major examples of this are the brain being protected by the skull and the lungs being protected by the rib cage. There are yet again no “most important” organs.

    These systems are just a few of the systems in the body which make us work to the extent it does. When all of the systems are brought together we are in homeostasis or equilibrium. They function together in order to maintain the lives we live.

2nd Semester Final

For your 2nd Semester Final, you will be writing a reflective paper over what you have learned in class.  You are to explain about 4 body systems of your choice, the main organs for each system and functions of each organ, and the function(s) of each system. Include an introductory paragraph (what you are going to write about), the body of the paper (one paragraph per each system), and a conclusion paragraph (a summary of your paper and how all the systems work together in your body to maintain homeostasis). Use proper grammar and punctuation. You may write the paper in Google docs and post the link on this blog.

Final report

Final autopsy report

Dent Post #13 Commenting on Final Reports

Now that you and your classmates have completed the Final Autopsy Reports, I would like for each of you to read all of them and comment on each one.  Make sure to sound intelligent, be positive and maybe add some helpful information on your comments.  Remember, your blog posts and comments are being read all over the world, so do your best to use proper grammar, spelling and punctuation.

Final Report!

https://docs.google.com/a/usd344.org/document/d/1PGmBqvbt0dox0RqacbUTIGZ2mEGg_TvTSr6RGUVz7CM/edit

Post 12 Final Report

The report shows that he had some good tissue with good blood supply, but also it shows that the tissue has scarring. (myocardial infarction)
Talc was present in the lungs, and is usually mixed with drugs.
Coronary Artery- blockage.
Brain tissue- hemorrhage (stroke)

We believe that the 60 year old, Caucasian, died because:

While he was at the party, he could of been drinking coffee. Which, in the autopsy report, showed that he had tons of caffeine in his system. That, can speed up the heart rate. He already had high blood pressure. Cocaine was also in his system, It speeds up heart rate and blood pressure as well as constricting blood vessels. It seemed to be a first time use, and the first time is the most rapid which can cause damage to the cardiac and respiratory systems. The guests at the party said he went into cardiac arrest. I believe the reason for his death is because of his heart had been through too much, due to the drugs, alcohol, and caffeine and gave out.

Final Report

Caleb and Emily

Case Number: 55269m

Sex: Male Age: 60 Race: Caucasian

Height: 5' 113/4" Weight: 180 punds

Time of Death: 8/27/2008 06:10 am

Summary of Gross Descriptions:

He had a red rash covering most of his ventral side, covering his abdomen and some of his lower chest.Both right and left lungs where a little heavy possibly from smoking. There was also granules from talcum witch is a metal found in most illicit drugs. His brain was abnormal probably cause by a massive hemorrage in the brain. the heart was a little heave due to the blockage in the coronary artery causing the hear to pump faster and gain muscle weight. There are also scars from a past heart attack.

Summary of Lab Reports:

blood taken from a vein in his arm, his results where as follows:

Ethanol- 0.17G% Cotinine-Positive Lidocaine-Positive Atroping-Positive Cocaine-trace amounts

Ethylbenzoylecgonine-012ng/mL Benzoylecgonine-0.36ng/mL Ecgonine Methyl Ester-Positive

Opiate-Negative Cannabionoids-Negative Benzodiazepines- Negative Metoprolol-0.33ng/mL

Caffine-Positive

Urine sample taken while still alive, results are as follows:

Nicotine-Positive Cotinine-Positive Lidocain-Not detected Atropine-Not detected

Cocaine-Positive Ethylbenzoylecgonine-Positive Benzoylecgonine- Positive .

Ecgonine Methyl Ester-Positive Opiate-Negative Cannabionoids-Negative

Benzodiazepines- Negative Metoprolol-Positive

Caffine-Positive

Conclusion:

In finding trace amounts of cocaine in his blood we conclude that he was a cocaine addict and in finding that he tested positive for cocaine in his urine shows that he had used not to long before admittance to the hospital so we conclude that he dies from taking large amounts of cocaine with then cause his brain to hemorrage leaving him brain dead witch in turn was later pronounced dead by medical doctors on the 27th of August 2008 at 06:10am

post #12 Lauren & Elisabeth

final report

Dent Post #12 Final Autopsy Report

Your Final Autopsy Report guidelines are found in your booklet on pages 52 & 53.  Use these guidelines to formally present your findings.  You may use Google Docs or other word software to write your paper.  Please post a link to your paper on this blog.  Please do not post the entire paper, a link will do just fine. Make sure to use a professional writing style, not an informal writing style.

Dent Post #11 Histology Report

The last nine pages in your autopsy book refer to the histology report.  Notice that several reference slides are presented so that you have something to compare the real slides to.  The real slides will have a case number on them.  Compare the reference slides and the case number slides to help determine what you thought might have caused death. Keep this information in mind when you are forming your Final Autopsy Report.

• What was your overall reaction to the IDL? I was pretty grossed out, I couldnt even watch half of it.
• What was the best part? There nothing that was good about it, nor my favorite.
• What was the worst part? Having them cutt open the head to get to the brain.
• What surprised you the most? When they had to check all the organs for diseases by cutting them open.
• Do you think that you would be interested in having a career in pathology? Why or why not? No i wouldnt, i have a very weak stomach.

Post 10

1. My over all opinion was grossed out, they just started cutting and they went really fast when they did, that has to take a lot of practice.
2.There was no best part, I pretty much had my hands over my face the whole time.
3.Just that all those organs and how big they are can all fit inside you.
4.No thank you, I couldn't even watch it in a video let alone in person.

Post #10

• What was your overall reaction to the IDL?
• What was the best part?
• What was the worst part?
• What surprised you the most?
• Do you think that you would be interested in having a career in pathology? Why or why not?

1. I thought the autopsy was a great experience, although I think it would have been way better live.

2. the best part of the Autopsy was when they took the brain out. That was my favorite part.

3. I kinda freaked out when they first started cutting the body in a y shape. He cut him open really fast! That would probably be the worst part.

4. I was surprised to see him cut the liver and other stuff in slices, it was pretty weird.

5. It would be a really interesting job to have, but there is no way I could cut on humans, it freaks me out.

post 10.. elisabeth & lauren

• What was your overall reaction to the IDL?
  
• it was super cool and interesting. we wish the screen would have been bigger though.

• What was the best part?
• gettin to see them cut open all the body parts... seeing what the actual body parts look like in real life.
  

• What was the worst part?
• we were hungry the whole time haha

• What surprised you the most?
• how much everything weighed, it all seemed to weigh a lot and everything was bigger than i though it was... the way everything looked.
  

• Do you think that you would be interested in having a career in pathology? Why or why not?
• no! we couldn't do this, it was cool to watch, but we wouldn't touch any of that and being there would be completely different. The smell and actually being there would freak us out!
  

Post 10!

1.) What was your overall reaction to the IDL?
2.) What was the best part?
3.) What was the worst part?
4.) What surprised you the most?
5.) Do you think that you would be interested in having a career in pathology? Why or why not?

1.) My overall opinion of the IDL was that it was nasty to look at somebody's internal organs, but kind of cool to know what's inside of human body.

2.) There wasn't a best part to it. Like i said before, it was kind of nasty.

3.) The worst part was looking at the guy cutting open the body and removing his organs.

4.) The most surprising part of the IDL was when he started cutting open certain organs such as the spleen, and liver.

5.) I would most definitely not be interested in having a job cutting open dead bodies. I would not have the stomach to tolerate it.

Dent Post #10: What did you think?

We just finished viewing the Autopsy IDL today.  Answer these questions to this post in a comment. 

• What was your overall reaction to the IDL? 
• What was the best part?
• What was the worst part?
• What surprised you the most? 
• Do you think that you would be interested in having a career in pathology? Why or why not? 

Alyssa & Breanna

Alyssa and Breanna.

1. Get your pen and paper ready for taking notes, or get a voice recorder and just dictate notes aloud.

2. First, the height, weight, age, and gender of the body should be noted and recorded. any distinguishing characteristics like birthmarks, scars, or tattoos should be noted as well.

3

You should also take fingerprints at this point, they may be needed in police investigations .

4

3. Examine the body very closely, meticulously, under magnification. Check the clothing and skin for any marks that look out of the ordinary. Fibers that don't seem to belong, droplets of blood, organic materials, and any residues found on clothing should all be noted. Any bruises, wounds, or marks on the skin should be noted as well. If foul-play is suspected, carefully check under the victims fingernails. Oftentimes, you will find blood or skin from the attacker.

5

4. Check for any dental work. Dental records are often used to identify bodies. Perform an x-ray to find any broken or fractured bones, or medical devices, like a pace-maker. These records can also be used to identify the subject.

6

5. Check the genital area for any signs of rape, bruising and tearing are common in such cases. This will help determine whether foul-play was involved or not.

7

6. Now it is time to take a photographic record of the body, clothed and nude. Take special care when removing the clothing, as it may be needed for police investigation. Take close-up shots of the marks, bruises, blood flecks, etc., that you noticed earlier.

8

7. Take a blood sample, it can be used for DNA purposes, or to determine if the victim was on drugs, had been using alcohol, or whether there was poisoning.

9

8. Now is the time to open the body cavity, but not going into too much detail. Make one large "Y" shaped incision from each shoulder across the chest to the brisket, then down to the belly button, spread open the skin and check to see if any ribs are broken.

10

9. Split the ribcage, open it up, and examine the lungs and heart, note any abnormalities, and take a second blood sample directly from the heart.

1

10. Next you should examine each organ in the chest cavity individually. Weigh each organ, record anything notable, and take a tissue sample in case further examination is needed.

12

11. Next, repeat the same process for the organs in the lower body, like the spleen and intestines, as sometimes partially digested food is used to determine time of death.

13

12. A urine sample should also be taken from the bladder using a syringe, just like blood, the urine can be used in tests to detect drugs or poisons.

4

13. Always carefully examine the eyes, any hemangioma or petechial rash (tiny, broken blood vessels) can be a sign of choking or strangulation.

5

14. Next, examine the head. Check for any trauma to the skull like fractures or bruises.

16

15. Remove the top of the skull, then remove the brain. Follow the same procedure as with all other organs, weigh, and take a sample.

7

16. After the autopsy is completed, finish your notes or your dictated recording. State the cause of death, and the reasons that brought you to that conclusion.

8

17. Mention any details, no matter how small, as they may be the final clues needed to stop a murderer or to put a family member's mind at ease.

9

18. Based on your findings (assuming you're a licensed coroner) The Chief Medical Examiner will issue a Death Certificate.

20

19. The body will be returned to surviving family members for funeral arrangements.

Post 8!

Pre Autopsy!

Shared wwith Mrs. Dent, Because the link wouldn't upload.

Post 8 L.B E.E

Post 8

Post 7.. Lung Cancer.. E.E. L.B

Lung Cancer

Kidney!

Renal Cell carcinoma

Dent Post #9 Interactive Autopsy

Click on this link to discover how an autopsy is performed.

Interactive Autopsy

This will help you to get a feel of what you will be seeing in the IDL on Thursday.

****Also, do not forget to view your classmates' presentations to learn about the diseases we might encounter during the IDL.  Make a positive comment on their post when you are finished viewing the presentation.****

#7 autopsy presentation

http://portal.sliderocket.com/BLTRG/amazingautopsypresentation

follow this link!!

Emily and Caleb

Post # 7

autopsy presentation acute myocardial infarction

Lindsey and Jillian

Dent Post #8: Autopsy Plan

In your Autopsy guidebooks, you have a section called, "Autopsy Plan-Student Page". Follow each step of the procedure and take notes over each part.  If the part asks questions, you and your partner need to type your answers.  In this process, you are learning in a self-guided way, but you only have a couple of class periods to work on it, so use your time wisely. You might want to break up the sections among you and your partner.

Be sure to save the document to google docs and post it here on the blog when you are finished.

You may use word, google docs, open office or any other word program to answer your questions.

Dent Post #7 Pathology Research

We are beginning our unit "Autopsy" to coincide with our IDL from Greenbush next week. To get ready for the IDL, we need to do some research.  You will have several assignments to complete before next Thursday.

Our first research project is over Pathology.  You will be assigned an organ/disease and will need to create a presentation over that organ to share on this blog.  You may use the type of presentation software of your choice. For example: PowerPoint, Google Presentation, Sliderocket, etc.) Be sure to include the following in your presentation:

1. Normal images of the organ you were assigned
2. A detailed description of the physical characteristics of a healthy organ.
3. The normal weight, size and other pertinent details that would be helpful to know in an autopsy.
4. Images of an unhealthy organ.
5. Description of how the diseased organ is different from the healthy one.
6. Write a brief description of the causes and symptoms of this disease and another other information you found in your research.
7. Explain why or why not this disease could be a cause of death.
8. Share new vocabulary words in the presentation. 
9. Provide Resources page with website links

I have provided the link for you that is also in your Autopsy packet.  You may use the links provided in this document for the information in your presentation in addition to those of your choosing. Remember to create a resource page to give credit to sites that you used. 

Combined Pathology